A critical but under-appreciated factor driving coffee quality

A critical but under-appreciated factor driving coffee quality

It's easy to focus on the country of origin, the processing method, or the variety when you're choosing a coffee.

All of those things matter a lot. However, altitude is one of the most reliable and under-appreciated indicators of what's actually going to end up in your cup.

At higher elevations, cooler temperatures slow the development of the coffee cherry dramatically. A cherry that might ripen in a matter of weeks at lower altitude can take several months to reach full maturity in the highlands. That extended maturation time allows for a much more complex accumulation of sugars and organic acids within the seed. The result is a denser, harder bean with more stored flavour potential, and a cup that tends toward brightness, complexity, and a clean, lingering sweetness. The acidity in high-altitude coffees is not the sharp, unpleasant sourness of an under-extracted espresso — it's the vibrant, fruit-forward liveliness of a good Champagne or a ripe stone fruit. It's a highly desirable characteristic.

Lower-altitude coffees aren't necessarily inferior — a Brazilian natural from 1100 metres can be a wonderful, chocolatey, full-bodied, deeply approachable espresso. Brazilian coffees are a great illustration of how altitude interacts with processing method: the combination of lower-altitude growing conditions with natural processing produce a fantastic coffee. But if you're chasing that electric, fruit-forward, almost wine-like complexity that defines the best specialty coffees in the world, you want to be looking at high-altitude growing regions: Ethiopian and Kenyan highlands, Colombian departments like Nariño, or the mountains of Guatemala.

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